Written and edited by world-renowned experts in the field, Benzel’s Spine Surgery: Techniques, Complication Avoidance and Management, 5th Edition, provides expert, step-by-step guidance on the evaluation and management of disorders of the spine. This definitive, two-volume work explores the full spectrum of techniques used in spine surgery, giving you the tools you need to hone your skills and increase your knowledge in this challenging area. Clearly organized and extensively revised throughout, it features contributions from both neurosurgeons and orthopaedic surgeons to present a truly comprehensive approach to spine disease.  

Part 1: Fundamentals of the Spine

1. History of Spine Surgery
2. History of Spine Biomechanics
3. History of Spinal Instrumentation: The Modern Era
4. Functional Anatomy of the Spine
5. Biomechanical Modeling of the Spine
6. The Intervertebral Disc: Anatomy, Pathophysiology, and Aging
7. Muscles and the Spine: Dynamic Stabilization
8. Bone Physiology and Osteoporosis
9. Applied Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Spine
10. Fundamentals of Spinal Alignment and Balance
11. Applied Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
12. Molecular and Anatomic Mechanisms of Nerve Root, Spinal Nerve, and Peripheral Nerve Injury
13. Spine Fusion: Biology and Biomechanics
14. Implant Attributes: Cantilever Beam Fixation
15. Biomechanics and Implant Materials: The Anterior Column
16. Biomechanics of Motion Preservation Techniques
17. Complications in Spine Surgery: Expected Rates and Classification 
18. 
    
19. Part 2: Pathophysiology of Spinal Disorders 
20. Section 2.1: Pathophysiology of Congenital and Developmental Disorders
21. Spinal Cord Dysraphism and Myelodysplasia
22. Congenital Spinal Deformity
23. Early Onset Scoliosis
24. Late-Onset Idiopathic Scoliosis
25. Scheuermann Disease
26. Developmental Spondylolisthesis
27. Craniovertebral Junction Deformities
28. Developmental Deformity in the Cervical Spine
29. Tarlov Cysts
30. Dural and Meningeal Pathologies
31. Chiari Malformations and Syringomyelia 
32. Section 2.2: Pathophysiology of Degenerative Disorders
33. Pathophysiology of Cervical Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy
34. Pathophysiology of Thoracic Spondylosis, Radiculopathy, and Myelopathy
35. Pathophysiology of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Pain
36. Deformity in the Cervical Spine
37. Adult Degenerative Scoliosis
38. Lumbar Spondylolisthesis 
39. Section 2.3: Pathophysiology of Traumatic Disorders
40. Occipitocervical Injuries
41. Subaxial Cervical Spine Injuries
42. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Injuries
43. Peripheral Nerve Injury
44. Spinal Cord Injury
45. Spinal Injuries in Sports 
46. Section 2.4: Pathophysiology of Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders
47. Rheumatoid Arthritis
48. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Related Disorders
49. Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
50. Primary Infections of the Spine
51. Secondary Infections of the Spine
52. Primary Tumors of the Spine
53. Metastatic Tumors of the Spine
54. Intradural Extramedullary Spine Tumors
55. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesions
56. Brachial Plexus Tumors Extending into the Cervicothoracic Spine 
57. Section 2.6: Pathophysiology of Syndromic Disorders Affecting the Spine: Connective Tissue and Vascular
58. Spinal Disorders Associated with Connective Tissue Disorders
59. Osteoporosis, Osteomalacia, and Metabolic Bone Disease
60. Vascular Malformations of the Spine
61. Neuromuscular Disorders in the Pediatric Spine
62. Neurodegenerative Disorders in the Adult Spine 
63. Section 2.7: Pathophysiology of Postoperative Spinal Disorders
64. Postoperative Spinal Disorders - Cervical
65. Postoperative Spinal Deformity
66. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Cervical Spine
67. Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Disease of the Lumbar Spine
68. Proximal and Distal Junctional Kyphosis and Failure 
69. 
    
70. Part 3: Evaluation of Patients with Spinal Disorders
71. Physical and Neurologic Examination
72. Sagittal Spinal Alignment: An Evolutionary Perspective
73. Spinal Alignment: Significance and Preoperative Planning
74. Overview of Imaging Procedures Available for Spinal Diagnosis
75. Electrodiagnostic Studies
76. Differential Diagnosis of Surgical Disorders of the Spine
77. Patient Selection for Spine Surgery: Preoperative Optimization
78. Evaluation of the Aging Patient
79. Preoperative Evaluation of Psychosocial Aspects and Work-related Issues
80. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Tumors Affecting the Spine
81. Measuring Preoperative Health-Related Quality of Life: What Metrics Matter 
82. 
    
83. Part 4: Management of Spinal Disorders 
84. Section 4.1: Nonoperative Approaches
85. Rehabilitation, Interventions, and Medications in Management of Spinal Disorders
86. Spine Injections
87. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Back Pain
88. Regenerative Strategies and the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
89. Neuromodulation and Rehabilitative Interventions for the Spine
90. Pain Management: Opioids and Alternatives 
91. Section 4.2: Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Overview and Principles
92. Fundamentals of Spine Surgery
93. Perioperative Management Protocols: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS)
94. Surgical Incisions, Positioning, and Retraction
95. Intraoperative Imaging Protocols
96. Anesthesia for Spine Surgery and the Prevention of Complications
97. Intraoperative Monitoring in Routine and Complex Surgery
98. Blood Management and Complex Spine Surgery
99. Intraoperative Crisis Management in Spine Surgery: What to Do When Things Go Bad
100. Biologics in Spine Fusion Surgery
101. Osteointegration: The Bone and Implant Interface
102. Common Complications in Spine Surgery: Pseudarthrosis
103. Postoperative Medical Complications
104. Preventing Postoperative Infections: An Evidence-Based Approach
105. Neurologic Complications of Common Spine Operations
106. Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak: Repair and Outcomes
107. Arachnoiditis
108. Arachnoiditis and Syringomyelia
109. Posttraumatic and Idiopathic Syringomyelia
110. Vascular and Soft Tissue Complications
111. Postoperative Spinal Deformities
112. Implant Wear, Degradation, and Breakage
113. Spine Readmissions and Reoperations 
114. Section 4.3: Operative Management of Spinal Disoders: Occipital and Cervical
115. Cervical Spine Construct Design
116. Occipitocervical Spine Approaches for Decompression
117. Occipitocervical Spine Posterior Approaches for Fusion
118. Endoscopic and Transnasal Approaches to the Craniocervical Junction
119. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction - Posterior
120. Posterior Cervical Decompressions: Cervical Laminectomy and Laminoforaminotomy
121. Cervical Laminoplasty
122. Dorsal Subaxial Cervical Instrumentation Techniques
123. Posterior Percutaneous and Minimally Invasive Approaches to Decompression and Arthrodesis of the Cervical Spine
124. Cervical Spine and Cervicothoracic Junction - Anterior Approach
125. Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Corpectomy
126. Management of Soft Cervical Disc Herniation: Controversies and Complication Avoidance
127. Anterior Sub-Axial Cervical Fixation and Fusion Techniques
128. Cervical Total Disc Arthroplasty
129. Combined Ventral-Dorsal Surgery 
130. Section 4.4: Operative Management of Spinal Disorders: Thoracolumbar
131. Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Construct Design
132. Posterior Approaches to the Thoracic Spine
133. Anterior Approaches and Lateral Approaches to the Thoracic Spine
134. MIS Lateral Thoracic Decompression
135. Thoracoscopic Corpectomy and Reconstruction
136. Posterolateral Thoracolumbar Fusion
137. Posterior Thoracic and Lumbar Universal Spinal Instrumentation
138. Midline Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Cortical Bone Trajectory Pedicle Screw Placement
139. Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
140. Dorsal Semi-Rigid Stabilization
141. Lumbar Total Disc Arthroplasty
142. Minimally Invasive Spinal Decompression and Stabilization Techniques I: Philosophy and Rationale
143. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Decompression
144. Endoscopic Approaches to the Cervical Spine
145. Endoscopic Surgical Approaches to the Lumbar Spine
146. Posterior Approaches to the Lumbar Spine: Minimally Invasive Fusion
147. Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion
148. Anterior and Anterolateral Lumbar Spine Decompression and Fusion: MIS Approaches
149. Complex Lumbosacropelvic Fixation Techniques
150. Spinal Augmentation for Vertebral Compression Fractures 
151. 
     
152. Part 5: Operative Management of Specific Disorders of the Spine 
153. Section 5.1: Degenerative Pathologies
154. Indications for Spine Fusion for Axial Pain
155. Cervical Disc Herniation
156. Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation
157. Thoracic Discectomy
158. Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
159. Sacroiliac Joint Pain 
160. Section 5.2: Spinal Deformity
161. Surgical Principles for Spinal Deformity
162. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Adult Spinal Deformity
163. An Approach for Treatment of Complex Pediatric Spinal Deformity
164. Cervicothoracic Deformity: The Role of Anterior Surgery
165. Cervical and Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction: Posterior-based Osteotomies
166. The Role of Anterior Surgery for Thoracolumbar Deformity
167. Anterior Column Release in Deformity.
168. Posterior-based Management of Spinal Deformity
169. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Spinal Deformity
170. Surgical Management of High-Grade Dysplastic Spondylolisthesis
171. Deformity Surgery for Ankylosing Spondylitis
172. Failed Back Surgery Syndrome 
173. Section 5.3: Tumors of the Spine
174. Oncologic Approaches, and Outcomes for Primary Spine Tumors
175. Staging, Classification, and Oncologic Approaches for Metastatic Tumors Involving the Spine
176. Tumors at the Foramen Magnum and Craniocervical Junction
177. Cervicothoracic Junction Tumors
178. Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spinal Tumors: Regional Challenges
179. Sacral Tumors: Regional Challenges
180. Radiosurgery for Spinal Tumors 
181. Section 5.4: Trauma and the Spine
182. The Acute Management of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury and Polytrauma
183. Timing of Surgery Following Spinal Cord Injury
184. Medical Management of Adult and Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury
185. Spinal Traction
186. Medical Management of Fractures without Spinal Cord Injury
187. Anterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma
188. Posterior Surgery for Cervical Trauma
189. Surgical Approaches to Thoracolumbar Trauma
190. Surgical Approaches for Sacral Fractures and Sacropelvic Injuries
191. Rehabilitation and Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury 
192. Section 5.5: General Surgical Technique
193. Harvest of Autograft for Spinal Fusion
194. Vascularized Bone Grafts in Spine Surgery
195. Spinal Wound Closure Part 6: Evidence Development and Guidance of Informed Choice for Optimal Outcomes
196. Big Data in Health Care
197. Spine Registries
198. Conflicts of Interest in Spine Surgery
199. Art of the Clinical Trial
200. Meaningful Retrospective Analysis
201. Art and Science of Guideline Formation
202. Appropriate Use Criteria in Spine Surgery
203. Precision Medicine: Artificial Intelligence Applied to Evaluation and Management of Spinal Disorders
204. Healthcare Reform and Spine Surgery
205. Development of New Technologies in Spine Surgery